Muslims and Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Muslims and Americans - Essay Example That day, however I questioned individuals realized what I would do, I was all the while shaking as I was conveying a dark sack and on my chest with a bomb inside. I was attempting to shroud it by folding my arms over my chest. I began to stress. I couldn't help suspecting that the police were all the while seeking me. At the point when the air terminal reported my flight, I went to the look into the door. From that point onward, I was attempting to get the bomb out of my pack actually rapidly. At that point, the police assaulted me. The police got me before I decimated the air terminal and executed everybody. Sadly, I was attempting to bomb the air terminal to assist Muslim with peopling lastly shut down segregation. I am a fear based oppressor. Individuals like me were worked to devastate. A great many people fear me since I truly look ruthless. I am savage since everything that is detracted from me will most likely need to confront a harsh retribution from me. At the point when somebody takes anything from me, I attempt to remove the thief’s hand quickly with no regret. Additionally, everyone realizes that I loathe ladies since I truly don't prefer to take a gander at them. I don't treat ladies a similar way that I treat men since I am superior to every one of them. I have high respect for religion. I don't drink liquor since it sometimes falls short for my sense of taste, and I am more intelligent than individuals who drink liquor. Additionally, I don't eat pork since I imagine that pork is condemned meat. All these composed above would precisely be the means by which Americans would expound on my life today. Yet, actually, I am not a solitary thing referenced previously. I am a youthful Muslim. I don't execute individuals, I have exceptionally close American companions, and have never really harmed anybody. I don't drink liquor or eat pork, and I regard all sort of individuals simply like how I need to be regarded. I have been living in the U.S. for a long time, and I saw that most Americans feel that every single Saudi Muslim are psychological oppressors. This is probably the stupidest thing about Americans.

Just War and Pacifism Essay -- War Pacifism Peace Essays

The inquiry Can war be legitimized? tormented humankind since the principal war. The Just War Theory holds that war can be simply. The hypothesis has advanced for a great many years and present day scholars, for example, Michael Walzer, creator of Just and Unjust Wars, advances measures for a simply war, for example, jus advertisement bellum and jus in bello. Jus promotion bellum incorporates purposes behind doing battle, and jus in bello manages the individuals who take up arms. The measures in jus promotion bellum incorporate; admirable motivation, announcement by a legitimate position, right goal, a sensible possibility of accomplishment, the end corresponding to the methods, and war if all else fails. Jus in bello incorporates keeping honest people outside the field of war, and constraining the measure of power utilized. Simply War Theorists hold that these standards must be followed for a war to be simply. I will break down The Just War Theories most discussed contentions, self- protection, pre-emptive strikes, and the slaughtering of honest people. In the second 50% of this paper, I will quickly clarify Pacifism, and give a counter contention to each Just War contention. Walzer remembers self-protection for the worthwhile motivation segment of jus promotion bellum. Walzer holds that states have the privilege of self-preservation by making a similarity to singular rights. He fights that people reserve the privilege to self-protection. From this he deduces that states likewise have that privilege of self-protection. Walzer's surmising depends on the rationale that the state is an assortment of people. He reasons that people can't protect against an attacking armed force, the military is a device that the state uses to shield itself and it's lifestyle. The privilege of self-preservation for states additionally is advocated by the reason that it is the obligation of the legislature to ensure the individuals. John Locke'... ...ve for a more impeccable world instead of surrender and acknowledge contempt and passing. Works Consulted Clark, Mark. The Paradox of War and Pacifism. ULeadership. 7 Oct 2002. <www.leaderu.com/socialsciences/clark.html> Holmes, Robert. On War and Morality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. Moseley, Alex. Simply War Theory. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3 Oct. 2002. <www.utm.edu/explore/iep/j/justwar.htm>. Moseley, Alex. Pacifism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3 Oct. 2002. <www.utm.edu/look into/iep/p/pacifism.htm>. Orend, Brian. War. Stanford Enyclopedia of Philosophy. 5 Oct 2002. <http://plato.stanford.edu/passages/war/> Teichman, Jenny. Pacifism and the Just War. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Simply War and Pacifism Essay - War Pacifism Peace Essays The inquiry Can war be advocated? tormented humanity since the primary war. The Just War Theory holds that war can be simply. The hypothesis has advanced for a large number of years and current scholars, for example, Michael Walzer, creator of Just and Unjust Wars, advances standards for a simply war, for example, jus advertisement bellum and jus in bello. Jus promotion bellum incorporates explanations behind doing battle, and jus in bello manages the individuals who take up arms. The measures in jus promotion bellum incorporate; worthwhile motivation, announcement by an appropriate position, right aim, a sensible possibility of accomplishment, the end corresponding to the methods, and war if all else fails. Jus in bello incorporates keeping blameless people outside the field of war, and constraining the measure of power utilized. Simply War Theorists hold that these models must be followed for a war to be simply. I will dissect The Just War Theories most discussed contentions, self- protection, pre-emptive strikes, and the murdering of honest people. In the second 50% of this paper, I will quickly clarify Pacifism, and give a counter contention to each Just War contention. Walzer remembers self-protection for the admirable motivation area of jus advertisement bellum. Walzer holds that states have the privilege of self-protection by making a similarity to singular rights. He battles that people reserve the option to self-protection. From this he surmises that states additionally have that privilege of self-preservation. Walzer's surmising depends on the rationale that the state is an assortment of people. He reasons that people can't guard against an attacking armed force, the military is a device that the state uses to shield itself and it's lifestyle. The privilege of self-preservation for states additionally is advocated by the reason that it is the obligation of the legislature to secure the individuals. John Locke'... ...ve for a more immaculate world as opposed to surrender and acknowledge disdain and demise. Works Consulted Clark, Mark. The Paradox of War and Pacifism. ULeadership. 7 Oct 2002. <www.leaderu.com/socialsciences/clark.html> Holmes, Robert. On War and Morality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989. Moseley, Alex. Simply War Theory. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3 Oct. 2002. <www.utm.edu/explore/iep/j/justwar.htm>. Moseley, Alex. Pacifism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 3 Oct. 2002. <www.utm.edu/examine/iep/p/pacifism.htm>. Orend, Brian. War. Stanford Enyclopedia of Philosophy. 5 Oct 2002. <http://plato.stanford.edu/sections/war/> Teichman, Jenny. Pacifism and the Just War. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books, 1977.

Itll Happen To You, Too

Itll Happen To You, Too So here I amâ€"a mere 3 weeks since my last post about Getting Your Priorities Straightâ€"and I have fallen victim to not practicing what I have been preaching. I actually saw a funny post on Twitter the other day that was very relatable yet so sad. It read College is cool because if you relax for 5 seconds then all of a sudden youre failing 11 classes even though youre only taking 5. College is kind of like this, in a way. Of course, you are not actually going to relax for 5 seconds and fail all your classes, but you do need to keep up with everything going on, and sometimes it requires sitting at the library for 10 hours straight having a large mental breakdown and drinking 8 shots of espresso. Gif from  Giphy Trust me, you do not have as much work to do as you think, though. Something that really cures my anxiety and stress is list-making. I make a list every week with things that I need to do, including homework, extracurricular work, and personal life commitments. I also write little blurbs to myself for motivation like You can do it this time! or No excuses! I sound so cheesy, but it really does work. You will have these moments where you are freaking out over the small stuff, but you will get through it, trust me. Just make another trip to the coffee counter, and everything else will fall into place. Gif from  Giphy Alec Class of 2019 I'm double majoring in Economics and Political Science in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm from a small town across the river from St. Louis called Waterloo, Illinois.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Fighting for Womens Rights Essay

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton didn’t want to be remembered as a household but the women they will admire. The purpose of this paper is to explain the life of Elizabeth Stanton and how she had a huge effect on the outcome of seeking equal rights for woman. Early Childhood First of all, the most famous influential feminist lead was known when she was a child. Elizabeth was born in November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, NY (Elizabeth Cady Stanton Biography). Her father was a judge and her mother was a house wife; during that time females where thought of 2nd class citizens and had few rights (Salisbury). Elizabeth’s wealthy parents hired Scottish nurses and there slave Peter Teabout to take care of the girls; the Cady sisters†¦show more content†¦Judge Cady wanted his daughters to marry men that became familiar with the law, but instead she married secretly Henry Stanton a social reformer in 1840; also went into law to get along with his wife’s parents. They had 7 children in total, 2 girls and 5 boys (Salisbury). Shortly, the Stanton’s traveled to London for an Anti-Slavery Convention and talked more about the participation of women which was denied by the council; Henry Stanton made a huge speech to let women con tribute in the meeting but he voted not to let women get involved. Elizabeth met Lucretia Mott and promised to â€Å"form a society to advocate the rights of woman† (Salisbury). The Stanton’s moved to Massachusetts and there were more social, cultural, political opportunities (Salisbury). Therefore in every aspect she did, Stanton will do it with pride. For example housekeeping, cooking also any other jobs a woman Estrada 4 will do in the 1800’s, managing their home. Even though Stanton liked where she was they moved to Seneca, Falls and met with her old friend Mott. In 1848, they granted their promise and held the first Women’s Rights Convention, in addition to this, the people who attended this meeting believed or wanted to have equal power as men. In the Convention Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments which is similar to the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"the best protection any women canShow MoreRelatedEssay on Elizabeth Cady Stantons Fight for Equality 1252 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was not just a mother, daughter, feminist, and writer; but she is the woman who changed the lives of women everywhere by fighting for equality. Stanton lived a normal childhood, but one that motivated her to never give up hope in reaching her goal. A quick background of her life will help better understand why she became such a powerful woman’s rights activ ist. Also, what she accomplished that changed history and how it still affects us today in 2011. I will also express myRead MoreWomen s Degradation By Elizabeth Cady Stanton928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Women’s degradation is in man’s idea of his sexual rights. Our religion, laws and customs are all founded on the belief that woman was made for man† (Stanton) Believed to be one of the greatest and most influential feminists of not only her generation, but of all time, Elizabeth Cady Stanton paved the way for women and their rights in a time when they had none. Elizabeth, was one of the first feminist theorists in America and through her beliefs that women deserve equality and equal rights, sheRead More Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Challenging Religion through the Women’s Right Movement763 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton: Challenging Religion through the Women’s Right Movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a powerful writer who believed on the abolition of slavery and that women’s voice should be heard. 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When the eight-letter word pops into someone s brain, they might picture powerful modern and inspiring figures, like Malala Yousafzai, the youngest person, maleRead MoreEssay on The Womens Rights Movement 1848-19201091 Words   |  5 Pages The Women’s Rights Movement was a long and persistent battle fought by many brave female advocates that came before us such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony. These women selflessly dedicated their lives to the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which forever changed the lives of womankind in America. Prior to their efforts, the United States was still in shambles over the Civil War and spent most of its focus on rebuilding the country and securing rights to AfricanRead MoreA History of Womens Rights Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pages Women have always been fighting for their rights for voting, the right to have an abortion, equal pay as men, being able to joined the armed forces just to name a few. The most notable women’s rights movement was headed in Seneca Falls, New York. The movement came to be known as the Seneca Falls convention and it was lead by women’s rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton during July 19th and 20th in 1848. Stanton created this convention in New York because of a visit from Lucretia Mott from BostonRead MoreSomething Worth Fighting For1407 Words   |  6 Pageswhether the solitary voyager is man or woman.† (Elizabeth Cady Stanton) Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s words ripple through time like a pebble in a pond. Stanton was among the first women to speak out in efforts to obtain equal rights for women. Elizabeth’s quest for equal rights being granted to women began with her desire to gain her father’s approval. Elizabeth was one of eleven siblings, so naturally she would crave the attention of her parents. Elizabeth had a very strong attachment to her father,Read MoreWomens Suffrage Research Paper767 Words   |  4 Pagessociety where man was dominant. Women not having natural born rights, such as the right to vote, to speak in public, access to equal education, and so forth, did not stop them to fight for their rights. Womens lives soon changed when Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony played a prominent role to help bring about change. Lucy Stone, an abolitionist, is one of the most important workers for womens suffrage and womens rights. When the Bible was quoted to her, defending the positionsRead MoreElizabeth Cady Stanton : Women s Rights1922 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Elizabeth Cady Stanton forever changed the social and political landscape of the United States of America by succeeding in her work to guarantee rights for women and slaves. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader in the 19th century for women’s activist and women’s suffrage leader. As an active American abolitionist, she gave many lectures and wrote books. Among those fighting for women’s rights, she was a primary leader. Though she was interested in women’s rights from many perspectivesRead MoreThe Causes Of The Womans Suffrage Movement1191 Words   |  5 Pageswomen the right to vote, without the Woman’s Suffrage Movement women today would not be able to vote or have a role in politics. Before the 20th century, women were nothing more than child bearers and housewives. The mind of a women was considered delicate and inferior. Women were opposed and ignored when they were bold enough to voice their opinions. To begin with, women have the right to vote today because of the courageous acts of activist and suffragist from the 1920s. For example, Elizabeth Cady

Discriminatory Practices And Natural Inequalities Essay

Whether individuals recognize it or not, the world is filled with discriminatory practices and natural inequalities. Even the â€Å"free† country, The United States, possesses many cringe worthy social inconsistencies in regards to: race or ethnicity, religion, gender, physical abilities, sexual identity, and sexual orientation. These discriminatory practices bring many circumstances to all dimensions of society. Particularly due to racist discrimination, minorities are left to a disadvantage in higher education and career status. After years of progress toward an equal society, minorities are still being left behind. To attempt to break this trend, it was deemed necessary to try what is referred to as â€Å"Affirmative Action† The term â€Å"Affirmative Action† was first coined in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in attempts to address the racial injustices persisting in society despite every man’s rights were â€Å"guaranteed† through the Constitution (Brunner and Rowen). 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Drawing on feminist, postcolonialist, multicultural, and antiracist critiques of Western science, Harding supports this argument and exposes the ways in which modern Western science engenders social injustices particularly within the contexts of militarism, environmentalRead MoreHorrific Treatment Women In The Middle East. Spring 2017.1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthe beginning of time, and there have been plenty of challenges to fight this problem, due to sociological problems and the nature of it. Humans tend to follow their parents or important figures as part of their nature. However, following wrong discriminatory beliefs is very common in society. Discrimination of women goes way back in history to the oldest books found on Earth. 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Alternative Fuels Free Essays

This assessment will focus primarily on the use of alternative fuel vehicles at Lotus Rental Car’s, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels and the impact it will have on the American public. With gas prices increasing daily, renting a vehicle is becoming a fast growing decision for families going on vacation and people who make their living traveling from place to place. Families can no longer afford to rent large RVs and pay outrageous prices for fuel. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Fuels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Salespersons and businessmen cannot either. Big companies are no longer willing to cover the whole cost of fuel, but rather a percentage which digs in the profit for these businessmen. Alternative Fuel Vehicles AFV,(alternative fuel vehicles), by design are intended to improve air quality by lowering ozone-depleting emissions and makes us less dependent on foreign oil products. The various types of AFVs, include hybrid and flexible fuel designs. Powered by electricity, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), propane, hydrogen, alcohol (in the form of methanol and denatured alcohol), and gasohol (which includes up to 85% alcohol), are the most common. Currently, only three types are readily available to the public; which are natural gas; flex fuel, and battery electric. Natural gas powers about 112,000 vehicles already in the United States and is a good choice for centrally fueled fleets that operate within a limited area. The domestic availability and widespread distribution infrastructure is a great advantage. Most NG vehicles use diesel for ignition and then natural gas for the rest. Hybrid vehicles use electricity which is drawn from an off board power source and then stored in batteries. There is also plug in vehicles that can be plugged directly into an electrical outlet when not in use. Flex fuel uses ethanol which is made from biomass material. It also requires no special fueling equipment and can be used in gasoline burning engines. Reasons to Incorporate AFVs Each vehicle emits more than 600 lbs. of pollutants per year, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide; which contributes to smog. This leads to many health issues. The inability for blood to carry oxygen to vital organs, bronchitis, asthma and other respiratory tract problems has been reported. These pollutants also affect our eye sight. Bacteria and other chemicals get into our eye tissue; causing damage to our retina and the eye pressure, which can lead to cataracts even blindness. The use of alternate fuels will not see an end to pollutants but will certainly have an impact on the amount of pollutants which is emitted from our vehicles. How to cite Alternative Fuels, Papers

The Conduction Systems in the Heart

Question: Discuss about The Conduction Systems in the Heart. Answer: Introduction The cardiac conduction system refers to a group muscle cells located on the walls of the heart and specialized in terms of their functions. The conduction system of the heart is specifically involved in the sending of signals to the heart causing it to contract. This system is composed of the atrioventricular node nodes, sinoatrial (pacemaker) node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches and bundle of His. The pacemaker initiates the sequence of contraction by enabling the atrial muscles to contract sending the signals to the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His, the bundle branches and finally to the Purkinje fibers making the ventricles contract (Schwitter et al., 2013). At the same time, an electric current is created by this contraction but this can only be seen on an electrocardiogram graph. This electrical system is normally used by doctors to determine whether the heart is active or not. This paper therefore explores the cardiac and their relevance to the cardiac rhythm. The sinoatrial node The sinoatrial node is a spindle-shaped structure that contains closely packed cells in a matrix which is fibrous in nature. It is about ten millimeters long, very thick and narrow on the end near the vena atrioventricular node. The sinoatrial node has several postganglionic adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals which transmit the impulses (Wahl-Schott et al., 2014). The neurotransmitters stimulate the beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors by modulating the sinoatrial nodes discharge. The sinoatrial node produces an electrical stimuli at a regular rate in order to pump blood at the required rate. The rate at which the sinoatrial node contracts depend upon the blood and oxygen needs of the body. Every stimulus which is produced must pass through the myocardial cells which lead to a generation of contractions in atrioventricular node wave-like fashion and is distributed across all atria. In cardiovascular diseases involving the failure of the sinoatrial node, the patients are t reated by fixing either a permanent or temporary pacemaker depending on the severity of the disease. In the atrioventricular node, the stimulus is delayed for some time before proceeding to the next step to allow the atria to get enough time for pumping all the blood inside the ventricles. When the atria empty all the blood, the atrioventricular node found in between the ventricles are closed to allow the atria to be filled up with blood, a point whereby the cardiac stimulus goes through the atrioventricular node as well as the bundle of His to the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers (Vedantham, 2015). Bearing in mind that there are millions of myocardial cells, all these need to contract within a span of less than one second. When the right ventricles contract, the blood flows to the lungs leading to the absorption of oxygen and subsequent release of carbon dioxide. Intermodal conduction The anterior internodal process starts from the anterior margin of the sinoatrial node and proceeds anteriorly to enter the anterior interatrial band (the Bachmann bundle). This band progresses into the left atrium whereby the anterior internodal pathway enters into the superior margin of the atrioventricular node. The Bachmann bundle is large enough and it is said to conduct the cardiac impulse from the right ventricle to the left atrium. Atrioventricular node The conserved region of the atrioventricular node is a superficial vessel which is found under the endocardium of the right atrium. This position is actually anterior to the ostium of the coronary sinus and the tricuspid atrioventricular node. In fact, in about three-quarters of the people, the hearts contain an arterial supply to the atrioventricular node, which in turn branches from the right coronary artery. The function of the atrioventricular node is that it is mostly involved in the modulation of the impulse of the atrial so that the blood can be transmitted to the ventricles and lead to coordination of the ventricular and atrial contractions. Atrioventricular node vagus It has been observed that cardiac responses to both sympathetic stimulation and bursts of the atrioventricular vagus start and end quickly and slowly respectively. When the responses of the atrioventricular vagus are set and offset in a rapid manner, the bets in the heart are modulated leading to the electrical conduction. The sinus rate can be reduced by the fact that the nodal conduction by the afferent atrioventricular vagus and the peak on the sinus rates occur at the atrioventricular node for varied periods of time. This occurs without tampering with electrical conduction of the afferent atrioventricular vagus or prolonging the time taken for conduction to occur. Bundle of His These refer to several cardiac muscle cells which are very specific in their function of conducting electrical impulses. It is involved in conducting electrical signals from the atrioventricular node to the apex of the bundle branches (Lustgarten et al., 2015). The branches then pass the impulse to the Purkinje fibers which enable the contraction of the ventricles at paced interatrioventricular nodes. In case there are abnormalities that affect the cells that conduct impulses in heart, they block such conduction. The classification of such abnormalities is based on the exact location in the heart where the atrioventricular node abnormalities have occurred. If the abnormality is on the right or left side of the bundle of His, this is called the bundle branch block. The Purkinje fibers The Purkinje fibers are found in the atrioventricular part of the heart whereby they are involved in the transmission of cardiac impulses in the cardiac cells. This makes the ventricles contract and pumps the blood. In other cases, the Purkinje fibers are located at the base of the ventricles. It is true that the special muscles found in the Purkinje fibers have a better ability to conduct the nerve impulses as compared to the other types of muscles (Sedmera and Gourdie, 2014). This activity occurs in a synchronized fashion and hence the rhythm is made to be consistent. These fibers split into the ventricles and atria so that it can be able to distribute the electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node. To do this, the Purkinje fibers and the atrioventricular node have several mitochondrial cells and voltage-gated sodium channels and myofibrils. The rate at which these fibers work is solely influenced by the autonomic nervous system. Their ability to produce the action potential although at a slow rate makes them be useful as the last resort especially when the other pacemakers have failed in function. In the circulatory system, the firing of the Purkinje cells is termed as the premature ventricular contraction. The bundle branches The bundle branches are also described as the offshoots of the bundle of His. In the conduction of electrical impulses, the bundle fibers transmit the action potential from the bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers. When the bundle branches are abnormal, the conduction of cardiac signals meaning that the depolarization of the ventricles also fails and referred to as the bundle branch block. The causes of bundle block can be caused by the onset of the heart disease as well as faulty surgery of the heart. In this case, the normal pathway for the conduction of electrical impulses cannot occur by use of the normal pathway (Strauss et al., 2013). Therefore this process might occur through muscle fibers which due to their low specialization can result in a slow electrical transmission. Moreover, the direction of the conduction is altered leading to a loss of synchrony hence the depolarization of the ventricles takes longer than usual. Significance of cardiac conductions in the heart The heart contractions begin with the sending of electrical impulses from the pacemakers in the right atrium which in turn make the right atrium contract. The effects of this contraction are the pushing of blood to the ventricles through the cardiac atrioventricular node. When the electrical impulses get to the atrioventricular node, they proceed forward to the bundle of His whereby it is distributed across the left and the right bundles and finally proceeds to the Purkinje fibers. The left ventricle then contracts to be the first and the left ventricle follows shortly after. Once the contraction of the two ventricles node has contracted, the blood is pushed to the rest of the body via the aorta. Once this is done, the ventricles relax in preparation for another round of electrical impulse conduction. Therefore the conducting system of the heart is majorly specialized for starting up the cardiac impulses whereby they get conducted in a rapid fashion throughout the heart. When the cardiac cycle starts, the contractions are coordinated making the cardiac chambers contract (Nishikawa et al., 2012). Although the atria and the ventricles contract together, the atrial contractions take place being the first. The conducting system of the heart enables it to attain an automatic rhythmic beat. The events in the cardiac cycle need to be coordinated very well for the heart to pump blood in an effective manner. This means that the systemic, as well as the pulmonary blood circulation need to coordinate these processes. When the sympathetic ganglia are stimulated it reduces the period of the refractory period in the epicardium. Moreover, such stimulation also causes effects to the endocardium of the left ventricle. When measurements are taken at atrioventricular node points, the short refractions are classified according to the epicardial regions. In other cases, the norepinephrine hormone is distributed in a non-uniform manner leading to the non-uniform electrophysiologic effects which are observed. More important is that the concentration of the norepinephrine in the ventricles is higher at the base as compared to the top (Parati and Esler, 2012). It is also important to note that the afferent vagus is at a higher position in the ventricles leading to the atrioventricular node reactions in the myocardial infections. On the other hand, the left ventricle supplies the blood to all other parts of the body by pumping it through the aorta and coronary arteries. In this case, the atria are filled with blood, the atrioventricular nodes are closed and the ventricles are already empty. At this point, the sinoatrial node is preparing itself to initiate another electrical stimulus and the whole protocol repeats itself. Since the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node have only one stimulus, they need to recharge in atrioventricular nodes before they engage in another round of electric transmission. The abnormalities in the function of the sinoatrial nodes are in common in the old patients who have a history of cardiac diseases or diabetes. For instance, in a medical condition like the sinus pause, the sinus code ceases to function temporarily for second or minutes. In lower pacemakers, although the function rate of the heart is maintained, longer than usual pauses can cause dizziness to the affected person. The sympathetic activities are regulated by the atrioventricular vagus at specifically the pre and postjunctional regions through the control of the norepinephrine hormone. This is made possible by the inhibition of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate which is involved in the addition of phosphate groups to the muscles of the heart. The alterations in the afferent atrioventricular vagus electrical conduction can cause malfunctions in the circulatory system. Tonic atrioventricular vagal stimulation results in a greater absolute reduction in sinus rate in the presence of tonic background sympathetic stimulation. In contrast, changes in atrioventricular node conduction during sympathetic and atrioventricular vagus stimulation are made up of the summation of the responses of afferent atrioventricular vagus responses to tone in the atrioventricular vagus. Conclusion The electrical conduction systems are of paramount importance in the human body. This is because a constant flow of blood from the heart to all other body part and back are essential. The circulatory system is crucial for the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cells to maintain the normal body functions. This means that all these activities need to be coordinated to maintain health cardiac functions. However, there are some hopes in the medical field because some of these abnormalities can be treated for instance the artificial or permanent pacemakers. Some drugs such as the hydralazine are also used to increase the heart rate especially in patients who do not present with syncope. Reference List Lustgarten, D.L., Crespo, E.M., Arkhipoatrioventricular node-Jenkins, I., Lobel, R., Winget, J., Koehler, J., Liberman, E. and Sheldon, T., 2015. His-bundle pacing versus biventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients: A crossover design comparison. Heart rhythm, 12(7), pp.1548-1557. Nishikawa, K.C., Monroy, J.A., Uyeno, T.E., Yeo, S.H., Pai, D.K. and Lindstedt, S.L., 2012. Is titin a winding filament? A new twist on muscle contraction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 279(1730), pp.981-990. Parati, G. and Esler, M., 2012. The human sympathetic nervous system: its releatrioventricular nodence in hypertension and heart failure. European heart journal, pp.ehs041. Schwitter, J., Kanal, E., Schmitt, M., Anselme, F., Albert, T., Hayes, D.L., Bello, D., Tth, A., Chang, Y., atrioventricular noden Osch, D. and Sommer, T., 2013. Impact of the Advisa MRI pacing system on the diagnostic quality of cardiac MR images and contraction patterns of cardiac muscle during scans: Advisa MRI randomized clinical multicenter study results. Heart Rhythm, 10(6), pp.864-872. Sedmera, D. and Gourdie, R.G., 2014. Why do we hatrioventricular node e Purkinje fibers deep in our heart?. Physiological Research, 63, pp.S9. Strauss, D.G., Loring, Z., Selvester, R.H., Gerstenblith, G., Tomaselli, G., Weiss, R.G., Wagner, G.S. and Wu, K.C., 2013. Right, but not left, bundle branch block is associated with large anteroseptal scar. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62(11), pp.959-967. Vedantham, V., 2015. New Approaches to Biological Pacemakers: Links to Sinoatrial Node Development. Trends in molecular medicine, 21(12), pp.749-761. Wahl-Schott, C., Fenske, S. and Biel, M., 2014. HCN channels: new roles in sinoatrial node function. Current opinion in pharmacology, 15, pp.83-90.

Canonical free essay sample

Windows XP Essay Example

Windows XP Essay Example Windows XP Essay Windows XP Essay Computer security and protection has become a prime necessity of today’s era and Windows XP has proved itself as a quite efficient software or operating system. This OS works on different derivatives that determine protection. First it determines the Goals of Protection and follows it with Principles of Protection and Domain of Protection. Then the access matrix is formed and the Access Matrix is implemented with the help of access control and then it is determined by the aspects of Access Rights Revocation. However, in general it can be stated that Computer security and protection of Windows XP is mainly based on two aspects. The first is Capability-Based Systems and the second one is Language-Based Protection.In general it can be stated that there are several areas of threats for a computer system and these includes Breach of confidentiality, Breach of integrity, Breach of availability, Theft of service and Denial of service. All these means are instrumented by the help of c ertain methods like Session hijacking, Man-in-the-middle attack and breach authentication or Masquerading. But the good news is that Windows XP has been successful in negotiating these problems so far. The main reason behind this success is the four level operation of security in Windows XP. These four levels are the Network structure, Operating System configuration, physical protective measures and being more user friendly by making the human elements involved more aware and informed. However, it should be remembered that weakness in any of the four aspects may cause the failure of the entire security and protection measures. Thus it is important to update and keep informed at all levels. (Lamb, 2004)The most common and menacing threats of the Computer security and protection of Windows XP are Trojan horse or Trojans. These are extremely threatening and they operate on misused environment in Code segment and exploited mechanism that allow programs written by users to be executed by other users. They also operate as covert channels, pop-up browser windows and spyware. There is another security related threat and it is called Trap Door and these could be included in a compiler and threats specific user identifier or password that circumvents normal security procedures. Furthermore, there is another computer treat called the Logic Bomb and it is a Program that initiates a security incident under certain circumstances. Computer security and protection of Windows XP negates and identifies these threats and protects the computer successfully.This application of security and protection are varied and meticulous in Windows XP. As defense in depth is most common security theory the OS uses multiple layers of security. Windows XP also has a Security policy that describes what is being secured making the system more informative and particular. The Windows XP also uses vulnerability assessment compares real state of system / network compared to security policy and there is also intrusion detection endeavors to detect attempted or successful intrusions. It also uses a Signature-based detection spots that enables the knowledge of bad patterns and also uses Anomaly detection methods that spots differences from normal behavior. Along with all these specifications the Windows XP also provides Virus protection and the entire procedure is supported by Auditing, accounting, and logging of all or specific system or network activities. (King, 2006)References:King, H; (2006); OS Today: Windows XP; Auckland: HBT Brooks LtdLamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust

Translating Project Management Knowledge to Project Programs Research Proposal

Translating Project Management Knowledge to Project Programs - Research Proposal Example Project managers have to find ways by which they can manage this knowledge that is in the hands of their employees. They should come up with ways that this knowledge is focused on the enhancement of the project. Management of knowledge to help it in the reasoning processes and making an important decision in an organization is called knowledge management. For knowledge to be effectively managed in an organization, special tools must be employed to do this. The knowledge base is a special kind of database for knowledge management (Jacobsson, 2011). During knowledge management, data is collected, then into information, shared, then easily searched and used. For data to be more reasonable to an organization, it requires to be converted to a better version for the organization. When data is well organized and utilized, it can enable an organization to make good future decisions affecting the organization. As an organization transforms data to wisdom, understanding also increases; now dat a is well organized and can be used directly by an Organization in decision making. The organization processes, policies, and procedures are clearer, more complete, more correct and more concise when data is organized. There is an increase in the levels of innovation. A lot of new products and services are offered to consumers in the market. Project managers must understand this and employ strategies that make innovation a core factor of their businesses (Clarke, 2010). Innovation enables the projects to be what is desirable to users and come up with what is convenient for them. Marketing should be given a key role in any project. Without effective marketing, the details of the project remain within the team. This does not add any value to the team.

Resolving International Disputes. What Mechanisms are Available to the Essay

Resolving International Disputes. What Mechanisms are Available to the United Nations to Resolve International Disputes - Essay Example The UN has an additional challenge in the form of geographical dispersion and cultural diversity1. Among the primary purposes of the UN are international dispute resolution and upkeep of international security and peace, which means that the body takes collective measures to prevent and remove threats to the security and peace. The mechanisms that are in place to facilitate such objectives include the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, the General Assembly and the Secretary General. Being the key organ charged with the responsibility of maintenance of security and peace, the Security Council calls upon parties involved in disputes for the purpose of settlement as per articles listed in Article 33 of its statutes2. The dispute mechanisms are structured processes that address grievances or disputes arising between parties engaged in societal, legal or business relationships. The mechanisms are used in resolution of disputes and usually incorporate negotiation, mediat ion and conciliation. Through the dispute settlement systems in place, the UN is the best-suited international institution to address the new challenges facing international security. This paper will discuss the mechanisms available to the United Nations to resolve international disputes and their merits. The Security Council has the key responsibility of maintaining security and peace among countries. Other organs of the UN may only make recommendations to member states, but the Security Council has the authority to implement 1 Winnefeld, J 2004, The changing nature of intra-state conflict, Rand, California, pp. 19. 2 Simma, S 2003, The charter of the United Nations, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 56. binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out3. Such decisions by the Security Council are referred to as Security Council resolutions. As described in Article One, the UN has a purpose to maintain international security and peace. Hence, it takes collective me asures to prevent and remove threats to peace, suppresses acts of aggression and brings peace in conformity with the guidelines of international law and justice. It aims to develop friendly relations based on respect among nations. As an international body, the UN is determined to reaffirm faith in basic human rights, dignity and value of humanity. Its intention is to establish conditions that facilitate respect and justice for the obligations that stem from international sources of law and treaties as well as promoting better qualities of life, freedom and social progress4. The key motivation behind creating the UN was to save future generations from the threats of war. From the time it was created, the body has been striving to prevent the escalation of disputes into war as well as facilitating the restoration of peace in the event of armed conflicts. Typically, dispute mechanisms used by the UN are not judicial in nature since they are not deployed in courts of law. Instead, they are governed by core processes of human rights as defined by treaties of human rights5. The UN acknowledges that the absence of military conflicts or war between countries is not an assurance of international security and peace. Threats to international security and peace are seen in other sources outside of the military such as the instability arising from ecological, humanitarian, social and economic fields. Other factors that contribute to the insecurity are international environmental disputes that stem from 3 Thomas, G 2009, Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization, Martinus Publishers, Chicago, pp. 64. 4

External Environment Analysis For The Newspaper Industry Media Essay

External Environment Analysis For The Newspaper Industry Media Essay The Newspaper industry is going through a decline and is suffering through what could be its worst financial crisis as the advertising revenues are plummeting due to the economic downturn. Following the downturn in print media industry several newspapers either forgo their daily print for web or have cut the delivery of print version to 3 days a week, Major publication houses filled bankruptcy. The situation is alarming and same across Britain, US and Europe. The Decline of once great newspaper is not without cost, it means the end of certain kind of civic sensibility that was build on broad agreement about what is important and what is not. Is it the end of the Newspaper Industry? The industry is in the midst of reconstruction buffeted by deep recession. That is battering crucial advertising revenue, structured challenges as consumer turns to free news and information on web. Before year 2000 newspaper industry was a cash cow and people working as journalist never worried about looking for another job. But then internet posed threats to the business model and forced industry to cut down on cost, profit margins and reduce work force. According to American Society of news editors employment in newsroom has fallen by 15% in last two years. Advertising has been shifting from print media to new media resulting decline in profits. Paid Circulation has declined while advertising revenue which makes bulk of the newspapers income has also declined. The traditional use of newspaper being delivered at home is changing. Introduction of internet 2.1 Effect of internet Technology has not broadened the audience for news but has enabled well informed people to become better informed. Newspapers even have more readers then ever but problem is that fewer of them are paying. Consumer feels like a fool paying because they get fair selection of useful information free online. With the increasing online readership advertising brought a rising tide of revenue for aggregators, search engines there by affecting the revenue of newspapers. 2.2 Industry Reaction Business model which newspaper industry was following is not viable with intervention of technology. It was based on 3 revenue sources newsstand sales, subscription and advertising and now it relies only on advertising. Henry Luce co-founder of time found this notion of relying on ad revenue is Morally abhorrent and Economically self defeating. Internet has broken newspapers monopoly of production and distribution. This change has made situation which resulted a business that is smaller, less profitable, competitive but also efficient and innovative. Every newspaper is trying to come up with business models and Strategies to handle issues like declining revenues and expansion of media choice to consumer. Industry Condition The news industry has to fight back with reinvention and innovation. They need to identify factor that may be critical determinants of threats and opportunity that industry is facing or may face in future. 3.1 Industry Cost Cutting: Key to Survival? Bill gates said who can afford to do professional work for nothing. After Newspaper industry identified that their business model is disintegrating and is unbundling advertisement and content then they tried to make for it by putting their content onto free websites. Some publications drastically cut their print editions and focus on their ad supported websites. Newspaper Industry is now on the verge of being hanged and further rounds of cost cutting would not stave off the hangman. If they want to survive then they have to come up with cost effective revenue model. Some newspapers like financial times, Wall Street Journal came up with business model to charge certain content or certain user but they were unable to dictate there terms to the buyer as their micro payment model was unable to please buyers. Given that there were many options available to buyers and most of them free, the power of the buyers was high. One of the reasons for seller not having power was that they were not focusing on their core product which was content. Newspapers were unable to sell as they didnt had power and due to that aggregators were making money by knelling readers past ads. News folks say that aggregators are Parasites that profit from their work. Newspaper managed to survive by careful combination of free and paid for content than by new technology. 3.2 Declining Advertising Revenues, Recession, and Internet Warren Buffet said that It is hard to make money buying business that is in permanent decline. But people can make money if they capitalize on opportunity and identify threats to act accordingly. The news Market is likely to remain unstable, favouring different provider at different point in political, economical and Technological cycle. Example: An American website aggregate news and option polls, it became essential reading during last year presidential race. Its popularity plunged 75% and rivals lost readers. In Britain journalist have more competition from government rather than local crowd. British authorities have created newsletter that carry advertisings and also annual budget for state owned website is far more then countrys national newspaper. Newspapers have to think about innovations as sociologically there has been a transition in audience. The share of youth having no news at all raised from 25% to 34%, they now prefer their iPhone, PDAs and aggregators for news. Publishers and editors are thinking of reinvention and innovation that will work, one example is NRC-Next a daily magazine which aimed directly at lost generation of rich young readers. They made it look and feel cooler so that reader feel that this is better. According to Pedersen VG Netts MD they try to identify sexiest story of the day no matter how important it is in newspaper terms.VG Nett came up with innovative idea of co-operative journalism. They had dedicated phone line-2200 where anyone can transfer photos automatically from cell phone to their Server. News industry has economical factors that affect its growth. One major factor is advertising only revenue model. Other factors such as aggregator making money and online advertising revenue fall in 2008 due to recession, failure of current micro payment system. Internet littered with failed micropayment companies like digicash, cyber cash and also some successful micropayment systems such as PayPal, iTunes. If newspapers can come up with easy methods of micro payments then they can earn value for most of the content. The future lies in technology and media integration. To compete with potential entrants and substitutes like aggregators, search engines, bloggers newspapers need to adapt digital technologies and come up with business model to provide public interest journalism and still get revenue. Spread of digital technology has enabled ordinary people to file pictures and report news directly. Now first photo of any big event comes first on net from an ordinary person not a journalist. 3.3 Searching for New Business Models The Players within the Strategic group need to adapt technology and internet based business model but at the same time they have to compete within the group and face the industry rivalry. They need to understand consumer behaviour to identify the target audience and also differentiate their product from the rest. Business strategies are varying in industry as guardians strategy is to become international voice of liberal opinion so it is investing in stories of international interest like Iraq. While Daily wants to build a reputation of celebrity newspaper. Strategies can be based on consumer or product. Financial time attempted to fuse subscription model by making certain type of user pay on the other hand Wall Street Journal charges certain type of content for their e-papers. Some have Strategy of presenting days sexiest news no matter how important it is in journalism terms. But still newspaper industry need to figure out micro payment model which is easy and works well for consum er. 3.4 Industry Structure Even in diminished state newspapers attracts rich businessmen who believe that there is money to be made after all. Boundaries between Products and customer segments are blurred in strategic group so can be a potential threat for players in the group. The value of core product i.e. content is not that important now because newspapers are focusing on advertising. The intensity of competition is so high that if any newspaper doesnt adapt technology correctly and doesnt come up with business model that is cost effective is out of the game. The bargaining power in the value chain is so low that newspapers have to work on low profit margins to thrive in price war. Professor Charlie Backett argues that it matters little whether which newspaper get more online readers, it is irrelevant economically. According to calculation made by digital deliverances crosbie it takes 16 online readers to make up for one lost print reader. Industry Proposal and recommendations To safeguard from chill winds of market newspapers need to combine digital media experience with traditional media to create a co-creation experience for consumer. Newspapers should come up with business models that provide interactive services and is based on efficient micropayment model. Also they should promote public interest co-operative model of journalism i.e. use professional journalism, citizen journalism and community feedback to its best. If we think about world with no professional journalism then the situation will be very alarming, how internet aggregator and bloggers will get their content. We may have to save newspapers from bleeding red ink for saving quality journalism to service community. Making newspapers non profitable and tax free may help in keeping it alive. May be a structure that can help newspapers to share revenues with aggregator will help. What we are seeing is shift in the structure of media institution which understands importance of much more partici patory media. In current scenario newspaper represent both a problem and necessity to society and now it depends upon media houses that how they take advantage of migration of traditional platform like newspaper to digital medium and also to preserve print media. Future of Newspaper Industry In future newspaper will definitely move towards digital technology and will challenge print version. May be future will lie in digital notebooks, kindles, digital readers with integrated advertising and micropayment model in it.Revenues from newspapers digital products will help combat the erosion of traditional newspaper revenues.

“Liquidity Management Via Interest Rate Corridor in Pakistan- and Experience of Other Countries’ Emerging Markets”

STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT 2011 â€Å"Liquidity Management via Interest Rate Corridor in Pakistan- and Experience of Other Countries’ Emerging Markets† Submitted to: Sir Mubarak By: Tooba Sarfaraz Rafia Parvez Sumbul Masood Introduction to State Bank of Pakistan: State Bank of Pakistan, the central bank of the country was established in July 1948 I. e. , within one year after Pakistan gained independence. Being the central bank, it regulates the monetary policy and the credit system of the country to foster its growth in the best national interest with a view to secure monetary stability and to fully utilize the productive resources of the country. The bank’s operations also include preserving the value as well as maintaining stability in the Banking system. Vision: â€Å"To transform the SBP into a modern and dynamic central bank, highly professional and efficient, fully equipped to play a meaningful role in sustainable basis in the economic and social development of Pakistan. † Mission: To promote monetary and financial stability and foster a sound and dynamic financial system, so as to achieve, sustained and equitable economic growth and prosperity. † Introduction to Domestic markets and monetary management department (DMMD): Domestic Markets and monetary management department was created in Sept 2006 as a result of comprehensive restructuring within State Bank of Pakistan with the objective of transforming the central bank into a dynamic institution more responsive to the growing sophistication in the financial markets. DMMD is an offshoot of the previous Exchange and Debt Management Department (EDMD), which was established in Feb 2000. Vision: â€Å"To illustrate a proactive, professional and planned approach for effective management of exchange and debt markets so as to contribute towards accomplishment of exchange and monetary policy objectives. † Mission: DMMD strives to set performance benchmark within SBP and Pakistan’s financial markets. Departmental goals: The core objective of DMMD is to implement the monetary policy objective of the State bank of Pakistan by using the available tools in both the money and foreign exchange markets. Departmental objectives: * Monetary Policy Implementation: a. Maintenance of stable interest rates in inter-bank money market through proactive management of money market liquidity. b. Raising short term government debt and developing yield curve through auction of market treasury bills c. Proactive management of money market liquidity through open market operations d. Liquidity management through interest rate corridor system. * Exchange Rate Policy Management: a. Stable exchange rates and Forward premiums at appropriate /sustainable levels b. Sale and purchase of third currencies at optimum prices c. Smooth and sufficiently liquid foreign exchange markets d. Optimal accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and forward portfolio * Reserve Management: a. Optimal utilization of reserve portfolio and maximum returns on investment of surplus reserves. Hiring of investment consultants and fund managers for optimizing returns. * Debt Management a. Domestic debt i. Developing the markets for government securities ii. Coordination between monetary and fiscal policies iii. Raising short term and long term domestic debt for the government v. Data base management of permanent and floating debts. b. External debt i. Monitoring and ensuring prompt payment of external debt installments through state bank of Pakistan and commercial banks. Introduction of an Interest Rate Corridor In order to reduce the volatility in short term interest rates and to bring more transparency in the implementation of monetary policy, State Bank of Pakistan has decided to introduce an interest rate corridor for the money market overnight repo rates. The corridor will operate through standing overnight repo / reverse-repo facilities (i. . floor & ceiling), setting a formal corridor for the money market overnight repo rates consistent with the monetary policy of State Bank of Pakistan. The salient features of the interest rate corridor are as follows: 1. The interest rate corridor will consist of two end-of-day Standing facilities offered by State Bank of Pakistan: Existing SBP 3-day Repo Facility will be renamed as SBP Overnight Reverse-Repo Facility, which will become the ‘Ceiling’; and a new SBP Overnight Repo Facility to absorb excess funds from the market will serve as the ‘Floor’ of the corridor. . The procedure for availing the end-of-day financing facility from State Bank of Pakistan at the ‘Ceiling’ rate in case the market is short of funds will continue to be in accordance with the existin g practices and instructions issued by State Bank of Pakistan from time to time in reference to the ‘SBP 3 day Repo Facility (now renamed as SBP Overnight Reverse-Repo Facility) against Government of Pakistan Market Treasury Bills and Federal/Pakistan Investment Bonds. 3. The overnight end-of-day standing repo facility at the ‘Floor’ rate will be available to scheduled banks and primary dealers which are left with excess funds in the interbank market. These funds can be placed with State Bank of Pakistan in the form of an overnight repo against Treasury Bills at the   Ã¢â‚¬ËœFloor’ rate. Some of the operational details are as under: a. Only scheduled banks and primary dealers will be eligible to place the funds at the ‘Floor’ rate with State Bank of Pakistan . This facility will only be available at the end of the day, when it can be ascertained that the market has excess funds. c. The time for intimating this amount to the State Bank of Pakistan will be between 2:30pm to 3. 30pm from Monday to Friday and between 12:00pm to 1. 00pm on Saturday. (Specimen format is enclosed). d. The minimum amount for the Overnight Repo/Reverse Repo Facility will be PKR. 100 million, and in multiples of PKR. 50 million thereof. e. The Treasury Bills acquired under the Standing Overnight Repo facility from State Bank of Pakistan will be SLR eligible. 4. The ‘Floor’ and the ‘Ceiling’ rates (and the width of the corridor) will be advised by the State Bank of Pakistan from time to time as deemed necessary. 5. State Bank of Pakistan will continue to conduct term Open Market Operations (OMOs) in the form of repos/ reverse-repos as per current practice in addition to these standing facilities. 6. The interest rate corridor will be applicable from 17Aug, 2009. i. MONETARY POLICY: Monetary policy is the mechanism or the process through which the government, the central bank or the monetary authority of any country controls or determines the (a) supply of money, (b) the availability of money, (c) the cost of money or the interest rate, keeping in mind the broad strategic objectives of the state regarding price level, growth and stability in an economy and the overall policies that supports or u nder which people would want to start businesses and provide employment. When the incident of 9/11 happened, the overall economic environment of the world was affected very seriously and an impact of tightening monetary policy also falls. After the incident the foreign investment shoot up and flow of money continuously increased, although the value of money was stabilized but it causes inflation in many countries as well as in Pakistan. The inflow of foreign remittances resulted in inflationary pressure. In 2001, SBP revised its policy to control the flow of money. Since 2004, SBP in continuously issuing monetary policy statement biannually from Jan-June and second from July-Dec. TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING MONETARY POPLICY: To implement its objectives , some tools are required: 1. Direct Instruments 2. Indirect Instruments DIRECT INSTRUMENTS: * Cash Reserve Requirements (CRR) * Statutory Liquidity Requirements (SLR) CASH RESEVE REQUIREMENTS (CRR):

Storm Born Chapter Six

I turned the light back on. â€Å"Hey, Volusian, how's it going?† He stepped forward, blinking with annoyance at the light, just as I'd known he would. He was shorter than me, very solid and humanoid in shape, which indicated a fair amount of power. He had smooth, almost shiny black skin and those narrow red eyes that always unnerved me a little. His ears had a slight point to them. â€Å"I am the same as always, mistress.† â€Å"You know, you never ask how I am. That hurts.† He answered my lazy smile with a long-suffering scowl. â€Å"That is because you are also always the same. You smell of life and blood and sex. And violets. You are a painful reminder of all the things I once was and all the things I will never be again.† He paused thoughtfully. â€Å"Actually, the scent of sex is stronger than usual. My mistress has been†¦busy.† â€Å"Did you just make a joke?† I said this partially to deflect the sex issue but also to keep teasing him. Volusian was about as damned as a soul could be. I didn't know what he'd done when alive, but it had been evil enough that someone had cursed him from ever entering the world of the dead. His soul would never find any peace. So he had haunted my world and the Otherworld until I'd discovered him tormenting a suburban family. He was so powerful, as was his curse, that I had not been strong enough to destroy him and send him on. The best I could have done was cast him to the Otherworld, but I had no guarantees he wouldn't return. So I'd done the next best thing I could: I'd enslaved him. He was bound to me until I released him or lost control. This way, I dictated his actions. I usually kept him in the Otherworld until I needed him. Teasing him was a way to project confidence in my control, like I wasn't worried at all. I couldn't show any weakness with him. He had made it perfectly clear a number of times that he would kill me horrifically if he ever broke free. He didn't respond to my last comment. He simply stared. He was only obligated to answer direct questions. â€Å"I need some advice.† â€Å"I do as my mistress commands.† There was an implied until I can choke the breath from her body at the end of that seemingly subservient statement. â€Å"I'm going to be crossing over into the Otherworld soon. Physically.† That almost surprised him. Almost. â€Å"My mistress is foolish.† â€Å"Thanks. I have to find a human girl that some horny gentry abducted.† He reconsidered. â€Å"My mistress is brave and foolish.† â€Å"She was taken by a guy named Aeson. Do you know him?† â€Å"He is king of the Alder Land. Powerful. Very powerful.† â€Å"Stronger than me?† Volusian stayed silent, thinking. â€Å"Your powers do not diminish in the Otherworld, as some humans' do. Even so, he will still be at his full strength. It would be a close battle. Were you to fight him in this world, there would be no contest. He would be weaker by far.† â€Å"I don't think I can manage that. What about you guys? I'm going to bring you along. Will it help?† â€Å"I feared my mistress would say that. Yes, of course it will help. You know my binds force me to protect you, no matter how much angst it causes me.† â€Å"Aw, don't sound so glum. Think of it as job security.† â€Å"Make no mistake, mistress. I may protect you now, but as soon as I have the chance, I will rip the flesh from your body and tear your bones apart. I will ensure you suffer so gravely that you will beg me for death. Yet, even then, your soul will not find relief. I will torture it for all eternity.† He spoke in a flat tone, not as a threat, but simply as a statement of fact. Honestly, after my week of propositions, statements about my impending death were kind of a refreshing return to normality. â€Å"Looking forward to it, Volusian.† I yawned and sat on the bed. â€Å"Anything else constructive you've got to offer? In rescuing the girl, I mean.† â€Å"I suspect my mistress is too†¦set in her ways for my advice, but you could solicit help.† â€Å"Solicit it from whom? I don't have anyone else to go to.† â€Å"Not in this world you don't.† It took me a moment to get what he was saying. â€Å"No. No way. I'm not going to some gentry or spirit for help. Not like they'd give it anyway.† â€Å"I would not be so certain of that, mistress.† Gentry were petty and dishonest. They had no regard for anyone but themselves. No way would I appeal to one. No way would I trust one. Volusian watched me. When he saw I would not respond, he said: â€Å"It is as I thought. My mistress will not hear anything she doesn't want to. She is too stubborn.† â€Å"No, I'm not. I'm always open to things.† â€Å"As you say, mistress.† The look on his face somehow managed to be angelic and scream you fucking hypocrite all at the same time. â€Å"All right,† I said impatiently, â€Å"let's hear it.† â€Å"There is another king, Dorian, who rules the Oak Land. He and Aeson hate each other – in a polite-faced, political manner, of course.† â€Å"No surprise there. I'm surprised they aren't all turning on each other. That doesn't mean he'd help me.† â€Å"I believe Dorian would be very happy to see someone come and kill off Aeson. Especially if he did not have to actually do it himself. He might offer a great deal of assistance to see you do it.† â€Å"‘Might' being the operative word. So you're suggesting I just show up at his door and ask for help?† Volusian inclined his head in the affirmative. â€Å"Have I ever killed or cast out any of his people?† â€Å"Likely.† â€Å"Then I think it's ‘likely' he'd kill me the moment I set foot on his land. I can't imagine any gentry's keen on letting their biggest assassin in the door.† I wasn't touting ego in that statement. Much like Volusian's death threats, I simply stated a fact. I knew my own worth and reputation as far as the Otherworld was concerned. I mean, it wasn't like I was reaching genocide levels or anything; I just had more notches on my belt than most. â€Å"Dorian has†¦an odd sense of humor. It might amuse him to welcome an enemy like you. He would enjoy the sensation it would cause among others.† â€Å"So he uses me for entertainment and then kills me.† I couldn't believe Volusian was even suggesting a plan like this. He hated me, but he also knew me. If he hadn't had such a stick up his ass, I would have sworn he was messing with me. Yet, his bindings forced him to sincerely give the best of his counsel if I asked it. â€Å"If he gives you his word of hospitality, he is honor-bound to keep you safe.† â€Å"Since when do gentry keep their word? Or have honor?† Volusian regarded me carefully. â€Å"May I speak bluntly, mistress?† â€Å"As opposed to usual?† â€Å"Your hatred of the gentry blinds you to their true nature. You are also blind to the only thing that might let you escape this mad scheme alive – not that I would mind if you were torn to bloody shreds by Aeson's people. But whatever else you believe, one of the gentry will stake his life on his word. They keep their oaths better than humans.† I honestly didn't believe that. No matter how much I might need help with this, it wasn't worth it. I would not make a deal with the devil. â€Å"No. I won't do it.† Volusian gave a small shrug. â€Å"As my mistress wishes. It makes no difference if you speed your own death. I cannot die, after all.† I stared at him in exasperation. He stared back. Shaking my head, I stood up for another summoning. â€Å"Okay, if that's all, I'm gonna call the rest of the gang.† He hesitated. â€Å"May I†¦ask my mistress a question first?† I turned in surprise. Volusian was the epitome of don't-speak-until-spoken-to. He only answered what was asked of him. He did not seek out other information. This was new. Wow. What a week of earth-shattering events. â€Å"Sure, go ahead.† â€Å"You do not trust me.† â€Å"That's not a question, but no, I don't.† â€Å"Yet†¦you came to me for advice first. Before you spoke to the others. Why?† It was a good question. I was about to summon two other minions. I didn't trust them either, but they had more reason to show loyalty than Volusian. They did not describe my graphic death on a regular basis. â€Å"Because no matter what else you may be, you're smarter than they are.† I could have elaborated on that, but I didn't. That was really all there was to it. He thought about this for a long time. â€Å"My mistress is less foolish than she normally appears.† I think it was the closest he could come to thanking me for a compliment – or giving one. I took out the wand and summoned my other two spirits. I didn't bother with candles or darkness because these ones were easier to call – especially since I was technically only â€Å"requesting† one to come, not ordering him. The coldness and pressure came again, and then two other forms appeared. Volusian stepped back, arms crossed, not looking impressed. The two newcomers glanced around, taking note that I had gathered all of them. The three of them never interacted much in my viewing, but I always wondered if maybe they hung out for coffee or something in the Otherworld and made fun of me. Kind of like how people make fun of their boss after work during happy hour. Still affecting unconcerned, lazy control, I unwrapped a Milky Way and sat back on my bed again. Leaning against the wall, I surveyed my team. Nandi was less powerful than Volusian, so she had a less substantial form in this world. She appeared as a translucent, opalescent figure that seemed vaguely female in shape. Centuries ago, she had been a Zulu woman accused of witchcraft by her people. They had killed her and, like Volusian, cursed her from finding rest. Unlike Volusian's, I could break this curse and send her on to the land of death. I had encountered her haunting this world, more frightening than harmful, and bound her in service to me in exchange for eventual peace. I had demanded three years of loyalty, one of which she had fulfilled. When the other two were up, I would let her pass on. Whereas Volusian always seemed sullen and sarcastic, Nandi was always sad. She was the poster child for a lost soul. A real downer. Finn, however, was a different story. Of the three, only he looked happy to be here. He too was not powerful enough to have a solid form. He translated to this plane as small and glittering, barely there, much like how humans perceived Disney-type pixies. I had no claims on Finn. He had started hanging around because he found me entertaining. So he popped up from time to time, followed me, and would generally come when called. I had the power to force his service, but – even as much as I disliked all things from the Otherworld – I was hard-pressed to do so without provocation. I didn't entirely trust anyone who offered help so freely, but he had never given me reason to doubt him either. Indeed, he'd always been very helpful. I had no idea what his story was, if he too was a cursed spirit. I'd never pressed for the details. His shining body settled upon my dresser. â€Å"Hey, Odile, what's new? Why do you smell like sex? Did you get some? Why are we all here?† Too much exposure to my world and television had given him a better grasp of our slang than the others. I ignored the questions. â€Å"Hey, Finn, hey, Nandi.† The female spirit merely nodded in acknowledgment of the greeting. â€Å"So,† I said in my best boardroom voice, â€Å"I'm sure you're all wondering why I called you here today.† None of them found that funny, so I just kept going. â€Å"Well, brace yourselves: I'm going to be paying you guys a visit. In the flesh. The real deal.† Nandi showed no reaction whatsoever. Finn leapt up in excitement. â€Å"Really? Truly? When? Now?† Nice to know someone appreciated me. I debriefed them, telling them the story. Volusian leaned against my wall, letting his body language convey to me what an utter waste of his time it was to have to hear this all again. Finn's enthusiasm diminished a little. â€Å"Oh. Well. That's ballsy but also kind of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Foolish,† said Nandi in her typically gloomy monotone. â€Å"It will end in despair. Dark, bitter despair. You will die, and I will never know peace. My suffering will be without end.† â€Å"Never thought I'd hear you two agree with Volusian.† Finn shrugged. â€Å"It is a good cause, honest. But you can't really just walk into Aeson's castle and take the girl. Not that I'm saying you aren't tough enough or anything. You'll just need a plan. A really good one. Yeah. What's your plan?† â€Å"Um, well†¦to walk into his castle and take the girl.† Volusian sighed loudly. It was hard to tell with those red slits, but I think he rolled his eyes. I shot him an angry glance. â€Å"Hey, it's a hell of a lot better than your plan. Would you like to share it with the rest of the class?† He did. When he finished, Finn said, â€Å"Now, that's a good plan.† I threw my hands up. â€Å"No, it's not. It's a horrible plan. I'm not asking one of the gentry for help.† â€Å"King Dorian might help you,† offered Nandi, â€Å"although his help would most likely only offer a brief flaring of hope, which would then make our ultimate defeat that much more tragic.† â€Å"Stop with the maudlin crap, Nandi.† I wished they made ghost Prozac. â€Å"Anyway, it's a moot point. We're taking on Aeson directly. End of discussion.† I gave them the time and location of our meeting spot, binding them to silence about the plan. I had to take it on faith that Finn wouldn't let the cat out of the bag, but once he'd reconciled himself to my possible demise, he seemed pretty stoked about the whole idea. â€Å"I have one more question for all of you before I release you. In the last week, three denizens from the Otherworld knew my name. What's going on? How many of them know who I am?† None of the spirits answered right away. Finally, in a voice that sounded like he couldn't believe I was asking, Finn said, â€Å"Why, everyone. Well, almost everyone. Everyone that counts. It's all they've been talking about for the last couple of weeks. Odile Dark Swan is Eugenie Markham. Eugenie is Odile.† I stared. â€Å"Everyone's been talking about this?† The three spirits nodded. â€Å"And none of you – none of you! – thought this was worth bringing to my attention?† More silence. Finally Nandi, compelled to answer any direct question, merely said, â€Å"You did not ask, mistress.† â€Å"Yes,† agreed Volusian dryly. â€Å"Had you summoned us and asked, ‘Is my name known in the Otherworld?' then we would have readily answered.† â€Å"Smartass.† â€Å"Thank you, mistress.† â€Å"It wasn't a compliment.† I ran a hand through my hair. â€Å"How did this happen?† â€Å"Maybe someone guessed,† said Finn. Volusian cut him a glance. â€Å"Do not be an even bigger fool than you already are.† The dark spirit turned back to me. â€Å"Not all creatures come to this world to fight you. Some may have spied. For someone quiet, discovering your identity would not have been so difficult.† â€Å"What are they saying, then? Are they all going to try to kill me?† â€Å"Some are,† said Finn. â€Å"But most of them are weak. You could probably take them in a fight.† â€Å"Unfortunately,† added Volusian. Great. This was not good news. Some part of me had been hoping only a few knew, but now it seemed my identity was the gossip du jour in the Otherworld. I wondered if it would be worthwhile to find a local witch and set wards around my house. I could also keep the spirits on permanent guard duty, but I didn't really know if my patience was up for large doses of their idiosyncrasies. â€Å"All right, then. Get out of here. Come back at the time we set up. Oh, and if any of you hear anything that might be useful about Aeson and the girl, come tell me. Do not wait until I explicitly ask you.† Those last words were a growl. Finn vanished instantly, but Nandi and Volusian watched me expectantly. I sighed. â€Å"By flesh and spirit, I release you from service until next I call. Depart to the next world in peace and do not return until my summons.† The spirits faded into nothing, and I was left alone.

World War II ( 1939 ) - 1486 Words

World War II (1939 – 1945) was the second global conflict of the 20th century, which resulted in the deaths of millions. The devastating war was, like its precursor, the result of complex and historical political, economic and social tensions. It was the largest armed conflict in history, and desolated more civilians than ever before. Consequently, it shaped and determined the outcome of the modern world as we know it. Focusing on Germany, it is clear how their post-WWI treatment led to the birth of new totalitarian nation and the start of this Second World War. This area also makes clear what the aftershocks of such an intense war is and what the means of war result in. The economic, political and social causes and consequences will be examined, starting from the end of the First World War, up until years after the Second. The major causes of the Second World War start with the end of the First. With millions of lives lost, the Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, was an attempt to keep the peace. However, this treaty and what it meant for the recently formed German Weimar Republic, would ensure that political conditions were in such a way that a man like Hitler could rise to power. Sir Harold Nicolson, a member of the British delegation, highlights the humiliation of the Germans at Versailles. He claims the two German delegates were brought in â€Å"isolated and pitiable†, and that they were treated like â€Å"prisoners from the dock†. Article 231 of the treaty stated â€Å"GermanyShow MoreRelatedWas World War Ii Inevitable in 1939?3066 Words   |  13 PagesWas World War II inevitable in 1939? In the early hours of the 1st September 1939 German forces invaded Poland. 21 years after the end of World War I, the world had to face the beginning of another world war that should last 6 years. 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